Pengaruh Waktu Proses Ball Mill terhadap Kualitas Serbuk Hidroksiapatit dari Tulang Ikan Sapu Sapu untuk Aplikasi Biomedis

Thoriq, Andika (2025) Pengaruh Waktu Proses Ball Mill terhadap Kualitas Serbuk Hidroksiapatit dari Tulang Ikan Sapu Sapu untuk Aplikasi Biomedis. S1 thesis, Universitas Andalas.

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Abstract

Bones are part of the skeletal system composed of connective tissue and serve essential functions such as protecting soft organs, supporting movement in conjunction with muscles, storing minerals, and providing attachment sites for muscles. It is crucial to maintain bone integrity to prevent damage. The World Health Organization (WHO) recorded 5.6 million deaths in 2017–2018, with 1.3 million of these involving bone fractures due to traffic accidents. The Indonesian Ministry of Health’s Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) in 2018 reported that fractures caused by accidents had the highest incidence rate, accounting for 67.9% of cases. Bone implantation using materials like titanium and stainless steel faces challenges such as high costs and corrosion risks that may lead to inflammation. As an alternative, hydroxyapatite (HA), which has a crystal structure similar to bone and is bioactive, biocompatible, and bioresorbable, is widely developed as a scaffold—porous matrix hydroxyapatite, with pore size varying based on scaffold type. HA can be used to reconstruct and repair bone tissue as well as to coat metal implants. It can be synthesized from waste materials such as snail shells, eggshells, crab shells, and cow bones. Fish bones, particularly from pleco fish are also potential sources due to their high calcium content. This research aims to study the effect of ball milling duration on hydroxyapatite powder derived from pleco fish bone for biomedical applications. Sample preparation began by randomly collecting fish in Padang. The fish were cleaned with water and soaked in acetone to remove residual impurities, followed by drying and crushing the bones. The bones were then calcined at 900°C for 3 hours. The resulting powder was processed using a ball mill for size reduction. The powder was characterized using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). PSA was used to determine particle size distribution; SEM-EDS to observe morphology and elemental composition; XRD to analyze crystallinity; and FTIR to identify functional groups. The resulting powders showed varying particle sizes, with some spherical morphologies. EDS analysis revealed that the Ca/P ratio in the 3-hour ball milled sample was the lowest, at 1.84. XRD patterns showed increased peak intensity after 900°C calcination, and diffraction patterns remained relatively consistent after ball milling, indicating the hydroxyapatite phase remained dominant. FTIR confirmed the presence of characteristic hydroxyapatite functional groups: hydroxyl (–OH), carbonate (CO₃²⁻), and phosphate (PO₄³⁻).

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