DESNIORITA, Optimasi Proses Industri Biorefineri Kulit Kakao. Dibimbing oleh NOVIZAR NAZIR, NOVELINA, KESUMA SAYUTI

Desniorita, ATIP (2021) DESNIORITA, Optimasi Proses Industri Biorefineri Kulit Kakao. Dibimbing oleh NOVIZAR NAZIR, NOVELINA, KESUMA SAYUTI. Doctoral thesis, Universitas Andalas.

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Abstract

SUMMARY REPORT DESNIORITA, Process Optimization of Cocoa Pods Biorefinery Industry. Supported by promotors are NOVIZAR NAZIR, NOVELINA, KESUMA SAYUTI Cocoa husk is a lignocellulosic biomass derived from processed cocoa pods. Cocoa rind is the highest remaining waste produced from processed cocoa pods, which is around 75%. Cocoa husk contains several compounds including cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin, which can be used for various raw materials for the Agro Industry. Processing of cocoa husks into value-added products such as pectin, lignin and bioethanol, can be said to be processing cocoa husk biorefinery. This biorefinery process can at the same time reduce environmental problems. Utilization of cocoa skin can be done by taking the compounds contained in the cocoa skin. There are several ways to get the compounds contained in cocoa pods, namely by extraction, delignification, hydrolysis and fermentation processes. In order for the cocoa husk to be utilized optimally, it is necessary to study the optimization of the process. The purpose of this study was to optimize the stages of the biorefinery process in utilizing cocoa shells as a design process for the metered industrial biorefinery from cocoa shells. There are four stages of optimization of the process carried out on the cocoa husk, namely: optimization of the pectin extraction process to obtain optimal pectin (Phase I); the optimization of the delignification process is to break the lignin bonds that bind cellulose and hemicellulose, so that optimal cellulose is obtained (Stage II); optimization of the hydrolysis process so that cellulose is optimally degraded to form sugar, namely glucose (Stage III); and after that, a Phase IV study was conducted, in which the sugar produced was fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae to obtain bioethanol. The novelty of this research is the design of the cocoa husk biorefinery industrial process by performing several optimization processes and involving the fields of physics, chemistry, chemistry and biology. Processing of cocoa shells is carried out in stages from the beginning to obtain several products, namely pectin, lignin, to obtain bioethanol which is expected to provide added value to the cocoa skin. This process is known as cocoa husk biorefinery processing. This research used the biorefinery method by carrying out an analysis in four stages, namely Phase I pectin extraction process, Phase II delignification process carried out in Phase III carried out the hydrolysis process and in Phase IV carried out the fermentation process, and carried out the design Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with options Central Composite Design (CCD). The center point is determined by prioritizing optimization using the Taguchi Orthogonal Array L Method. The middle point for optimization of the extraction process is pH 2.3, temperature 900C, and reaction time of 3.5 hours. The midpoint for the optimization of the delignification process was at a reaction time of 118 minutes, NaOH solvent concentration of 2.7%, and a substrate/solvent ratio of 58 grams/ml. The center point of the optimization of the hydrolysis process was 1.5% H2SO4 concentration, 120 minutes reaction time, and 9 gram/ml substrate/solvent concentration. The bioethanol fermentation process was carried out for 1 to 7 days, at a temperature of 300C, pH 5, and using 10% yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The material used in this research is cocoa husk which comes from plantations in Lubuk Minturun, Forastero variety. From the research on optimization of the cocoa husk process, the optimal results for the pectin extraction process were 2.36% pectin yield, 45% pectin content, and 8.99% methoxyl content. In the delignification process the optimal results for the cellulose content are 69.89%, the total sugar content is 3.135%, and the remaining lignin content is 22.90%. Meanwhile, in the hydrolysis process, the optimal results were obtained for a total sugar content of 12.37% and a reducing sugar content of 18.45%. Sugar fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevsiae produced the highest bioethanol on the seventh day. The results of the analysis with GC obtained ethanol concentration of 4.21%. From the calculations that have been carried out, the yield of ethanol on day 7 is 0.26 gram/liter. It can be seen that the ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to break down reducing sugars into ethanol is 26%. The results of bioethanol obtained in this study have shown good results. It can be concluded that in this research a Cocoa Peel Biorefinery Industrial Process Design can be made which can be used as a reference by the agro-industry to extract pectin, delignification process, hydrolysis process and bioethanol fermentation, especially in cocoa husk.

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