OPTIMIZING NEUTRON IRRADIATION DIRECTION FOR ESOPHAGEAL CANCER IN BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY (BNCT) USING PARTICLE AND HEAVY ION TRANSPORT SYSTEM (PHITS)

Fitdhia, Al Ayunanda (2025) OPTIMIZING NEUTRON IRRADIATION DIRECTION FOR ESOPHAGEAL CANCER IN BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY (BNCT) USING PARTICLE AND HEAVY ION TRANSPORT SYSTEM (PHITS). S1 thesis, Universitas Andalas.

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Abstract

Esophageal cancer is among the most dangerous types of cancer, ranking third in mortality risk globally and in Asia, with a mortality rate of 87%, while in Indonesia, the rate reaches 96.27%. Radiotherapy is a common method used to treat esophageal cancer; however, conventional radiotherapy remains less effective due to its low selectivity for healthy tissues. Therefore, this study employs BNCT, a more selective type of radiotherapy that does not require fractionation and uses boron, which is safe and non-toxic to the body. A stochastic approach using the Monte Carlo method is employed to accurately calculate radiation doses in BNCT, as its nuclear reactions are probabilistic, utilizing software such as Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP), Fluktuierende Kaskade (FLUKA), Geometry and Tracking version 4 (GEANT4), and Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS). PHITS was chosen because of its advantage to calculate up to 1 TeV energy, which ensures higher accuracy and shorter simulation time. This study is a computer simulation using the PHITS version 3.34.1 program to determine the optimal irradiation direction that is safe for healthy organs surrounding the esophageal cancer in the middle thoracic area, as well as to calculate the irradiation time. The phantom model used is an adult male phantom from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), with a gross tumor volume (GTV) of 25.88 cm³ and a cancer type of squamous cell carcinoma. The neutron source was a 30 MeV cyclotron accelerator with 1mA current. The boron concentration used was 150 ppm. The variation of irradiation angle direction was 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°. The results showed: the shortest irradiation time obtained is 32 minutes 36 seconds; both equivalent and effective dose evaluation results show that all organ at risk (OAR) received radiation doses below their respective dose constraints; and the neutron irradiation angle that produces the optimal dose to this cancer and is safe for organs at risk (OARs) is achieved at a variation of 90° with the patient's right lateral position.

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